The aim of this doctoral dissertation is to review the quality of honey samples collected in the region of the Republic of Serbia, from the Western Balkans and from some neighboring countries during three consecutive years (2016–2018) by monitoring physico-chemical parameters of quality, as well as some therapeutic properties of honey (antioxidant, antibacterial and antiproliferative activity). Based on the antioxidant and antibacterial activity of honey samples collected during the second year, new parameters were determined, the relative antioxidant capacity index (RACI) and the relative antibacterial index (RAI), which were used to determine the newly defined property – Power of honey, intended for predicting the health potential of honey based on easily determined honey quality parameters. The fact that until today there are no literature data on the extraction of 5-hydroxymethylfurfural (HMF) from honey using ionic liquids directed the investigation of the influence of biodegradable cholinium ionic liquids on the formation of aqueous two-phase systems and the application of these systems for the extraction of HMF from honey. The influence of anions of synthesized ionic liquids on the construction of two-phase systems, in which inorganic salt was used as salting agent, was investigated. Then, the extraction of HMF in these systems was examined, and the mechanisms of HMF extraction using ionic liquids were explained using computer simulations.