Conventional cardiac computed tomography (CT)-reading reports only coronary calcium scores and presence of atherosclerosis and coronary stenosis (narrowing of coronary arteries) caused by coronary artery disease (CAD). The data in this thesis show that cardiac CT can be used to quantify cardiovascular disease beyond mere coronary stenosis grading. These novel imaging hallmarks of cardiovascular disease (CVD) can be quantified using specialized software, and in turn can be used as a risk stratifying imaging biomarker.