Willows (Salix spp.) have a significant role in the phytoremediation of potentially toxic elements and organic pollutants. Data on the anatomical and hydraulic properties of the vegetative organs of willows under the influence of Cd are few or not available at all. To identify willow genotypes that have a high potential for application in cadmium phyto(dendro)remediation projects, three clones, Salix alba L. clone ‘B-44’, Salix viminalis L. clone ‘SV068’ and Salix matsudana Koidz. clone ‘SM4041’ were cultivated by the method of soil culture in the presence of cadmium with or without the addition of citric acid. Anatomical analysis determined genotypic specificities in the parameters of vegetative organs, hydraulic theoretical conductivity of the xylem of root, cutting and shoot and resistance to cavitation and embolism. Intergenotypic variability of quantitative characters of aboveground and underground segments of cuttings, adventitious roots, shoots and leaves of selected willow clones are defined, which have significance in a more complete knowledge of the anatomical structure of species from the genus Salix. Stereological analysis provided new, so far unknown data on the volume densities of willow shoots. By the anatomical analysis of the vegetative organs of willow clones carried out in three phases during plant growth, intergenotypic differences on the anatomical plane are found, depending on reactions to treatments with Cd and Cd in the presence of citric acid and the duration of treatments, i.e. sampling phases. Determined variations of the quantitative parameters of vegetative organs may be the starting point in the programs of the selection of willow genotypes that are grown and investigated for a variety of applications, including genotype selection with improved levels of growth, adaptability, and resistance to stress factors, including increased concentrations of potentially toxic elements in soil, water and air. Based on the obtained data, vessels characteristics and hydraulic properties of the xylem are identified as the anatomical parameters associated with the mechanisms of tolerance, accumulation and translocation of elements in the vegetative organs of willows and have the guiding role in the production and selection of genotypes most suitable for phytoextraction and phytostabilization. The results of this dissertation show that among the analyzed willow genotypes, clone ‘B-44’ stands out as a genotype with properties desirable for phytostabilization, and clones ‘SV068’ and ‘SM4041’ for cadmium phytoextraction. The addition of citric acid to the soil contaminated with Cd can be considered a desirable and appropriate measure of dendroremediation, which contributes to an increased adoption and accumulation of Cd in the vegetative organs of selected willow clones, and therefore more effective removal of Cd from polluted soil.