Expressing positive emotions as they are: Spontaneous production, display rules, and the role of culture
Although we experience a range of pleasant feelings as part of our everyday lives (i.e., amusement, pride, sexual desire), little is known about the behaviors we use to express each of these positive emotions. This dissertation hence aims to advance our understanding of positive emotional expressions by answering three related questions: (a) how are specific positive emotions spontaneously produced on the face? (b) are there rules for displaying specific positive emotions, and if so, what are the social consequences of breaking these rules? (c) to what extent does culture influence the expression of positive emotions? We first demonstrate that even when expressed spontaneously, at least 16 specific positive emotions (i.e., awe, hope, relief, excitement) are associated with particular sets of facial behaviors (Chapter 2). We next illustrate that display rules apply even for emotions that are experienced as pleasant, (Chapter 3: i.e., feeling moved is deemed less appropriate for expression than interest), and breaking these rules can lead to social ramifications for the expresser (Chapter 4: i.e., overtly triumphant individuals are socially avoided, as are people who downplay their gratitude). Finally, we comment on the role of culture, first by reviewing representative sets of findings on positive emotional expressions (Chapter 5), then by empirically investigating if people from multiple cultures agree on how specific positive emotions are expressed (Chapter 6). Our assessments point to cross-cultural similarities complemented by culturally specific patterns of expressions. Taken together, this dissertation highlights the central role of emotion specificity in understanding expressions of feeling good.
https://pure.uva.nl/ws/files/127026460/cover.jpg
https://pure.uva.nl/ws/files/127026681/Front_matter.pdf
https://pure.uva.nl/ws/files/127026683/Chapter_1.pdf
https://pure.uva.nl/ws/files/127026687/Chapter_3.pdf
https://pure.uva.nl/ws/files/127026693/Chapter_6.pdf
https://pure.uva.nl/ws/files/127026695/Chapter_7.pdf
https://pure.uva.nl/ws/files/127026699/Supplementary_material_chapter_3.pdf
https://pure.uva.nl/ws/files/127026703/Supplementary_material_chapter_6.pdf
https://pure.uva.nl/ws/files/127026705/Back_matter.pdf
https://dare.uva.nl/personal/pure/en/publications/expressing-positive-emotions-as-they-are