With this dissertation, we have provided insights into a better understanding of grandparenthood in China and how grandparenting relates to various outcomes of family members. This study has shown that older people as grandparents are assets for families, contributing to human resources and capital. This is one of the first studies to comprehensively address how grandparental roles can be understood in a transition society like China, facing rapid population ageing, fertility decline, and increasingly valuing the successes of offspring.