Doprinos ispitivanju efikasnosti neoksidativnih inovativnih hibridnih procesa za uklanjanje ibuprofena, kofeina, diklofenaka i odabranih neorganskih mikropolutanata iz vode
The aims of the research were: -Determining the efficiency of non-oxidative hybrid processes for the removal of ibuprofen, caffeine, diclofenac and selected inorganic micropollutants of arsenic, chromium, copper and zinc from municipal wastewater treatment plant effluent, and -Obtaining new knowledge about the influence of the different kind of dissolved organic matter (high and low molecular mass) and the physicochemical properties of ibuprofen, caffeine and diclofenac on the removal efficacies. For this purpose, various innovative non-oxidative hybrid processes have been tested: -Hybrid membrane processes in combination with powdered activated carbon (PAC, dose 5 mg/L) separately and with ferric chloride (FeCl3, dose 4.0 mg Fe (III)/L) or a natural coagulant isolated from bean seeds (dose 33 µl/L) for the removal of ibuprofen, caffeine and diclofenac (c0=2-3 µg/L) and for the removal of arsenic, chromium, copper and zinc (c0=100 µg/L) from municipal wastewater treatment plant effluent (WWTP effluent ). Before testing the hybrid membrane processes, ultrafiltration (UF) was performed separately to evaluate the sorption of selected pollutants on the UF membrane. During the applied membrane and hybrid membrane processes, the removal efficiency of ibuprofen, caffeine, and diclofenac fluctuated from none to 68%, 87%, 87%, and 50%, respectively. Caffeine was best removed with the PAC/FeCl3/UF process (42-87%). The natural coagulant in the hybrid process showed mostly poor performance. In terms of arsenic and the selected metals, hybrid membrane processes proved to be the most effective in the case of the zinc (achieved effects are 44-50% for the PAC/UF process, 78-87% for PAC/FeCl3/UF and 59-71% for PAC/natural coagulant/UF process) and chromium (achieved efficiency are 33-75% for PAC/UF process, 41-87% for PAC/FeCl3/UF process and 58-76 for PAC/natural coagulant/UF process). These processes were the least efficient in the case of arsenic (only 13-19% for the PAC/FeCl3/UF process). -Hybrid processes using a natural coagulant isolated from bean seeds (dose 37.5 µl/L), separately and in combination with kaolinite (dose 100 mg/L) to remove arsenic and the metals. The coagulation activity of the natural coagulant was confirmed for the removal of zinc (23–52%) and arsenic (32– 39%) from WWTP effluent. Kaolinite was effective only in the case of arsenic (removal efficiency 36–48%). The hybrid coagulation/adsorption process did not show any effect compared to the separate processes. -Hybrid process PAC/natural coagulant was tested to remove ibuprofen, caffeine and diclofenac (c0=2-3 µg/L, PAC dose 5 mg/L, coagulant dose 37,5 µg/L) in synthetic matrices with and without a dissolved organic carbon (DOC) surrogate (high and low molecular mass) and WWTP effluent. Under the same conditions, PAC was tested separately. Examination of the performance of PAC with and without the presence of natural coagulant (PAC contact time 30 minutes) showed different organic micropollutants (OMP) removal behavior depending on the kind of organic matter. The addition of natural coagulant had a positive effect on the efficiency of ibuprofen removal in the synthetic matrix without organic matter surrogates by 25-45% and about 10% in the synthetic matrix with the high molecular mass surrogates. A positive effect was observed in the case of caffeine in the matrix with the high molecular mass surrogates 10-15% and in WWTP effluent 12%. The natural coagulant had a negative influence on the removal of diclofenac, which is less hydrophilic compared to ibuprofen and caffeine, although it carries a negative charge, similar to ibuprofen. There was no impact in the other tested matrices. Adsorption kinetics tests showed that equilibrium was most quickly reached in the synthetic matrix with and without the addition of low molecular mass surrogates for all three tested substances (after 2h). The addition of surrogates of high molecular mass increases the time necessary for the establishment of equilibrium in the case of all three tested substances to 24-48 h. In the complex matrix with the addition of a mixture of surrogates of high and low molecular mass, equilibrium was established within 2-24 h , while in the WWTP effluent it was achieved in 24 h. Desorption was observed in matrices with the addition of high molecular mass surrogates and in the WWTP effluent. An analysis of the OMP mass transfer through the film indicates that low DOC molecules accelerate the transport of ibuprofen, caffeine and diclofenac compared to the synthetic matrix. This is most pronounced with caffeine. In the presence of large mass surrogates and in the effluent, both negatively charged substances have a lower coefficient of mass transfer through the film, while with caffeine, they are reduced, but still have a positive effect compared to the synthetic matrix. It was shown that the different kind of dissolved organic matter affects the adsorption kinetics of OMP, while the final efficiency in equilibrium conditions was not affected (efficiency for all three substances in the examined matrices was >80%, except in the case of diclofenac, where removal of 28% and 34% were observed in the WWTP effluent for contact times of 24 and 48 h, respectively).
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